#antiepilepticdrug

Polytherapy in Epilepsy

Parviz Bahrami MD

Epileptologist, Associate professor of neurology, Khatam Hospital

Dr B.Jalalian,Dr N.Zangiabadi,Dr M.Rezvani

The role of combination therapy as a treatment strategy for epilepsy is undergoing reevaluation. A growing appreciation that all seizure cannot be controlled by monotherapy and introduction of over 14 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for the adjunctive treatment in refractory epilepsy in the past twenty years has triggered a renewed interest in combination.

Principle of polytherapy in epilepsy;

 Rational polytherapy in epilepsy involves combining Antiepileptic drugs that, 1) have different mechanism of action, 2) Do not have complex pharmacokinetic interaction, 3) do not have similar adverse effect profile, 4) can be combined in minimum doses to produce maximum effect

Practice Recommendations.

START WIYH MONOTHERAPY, Choose AED appropriate for seizure type and epilepsy syndrome, emphasize on safety and tolerability. More than 50% of patients respond to the first appropriately chosen drug in moderate doses. Dose escalation should always be steady and gradual to avoid poor tolerance.

If the first drug produces idiosyncratic adverse effect or side effects at low doses, substitute with a suitable alternative drug.

Combination therapy: When and How;

1) If first drug reduces seizures, dose should be escalated to the maximum tolerated dose. If seizure freedom is elusive despite full doses of the first AED, a second drug may be added. The second drug should have a different mechanism of action and should not have an overlapping side effect profile. Drug with similar mechanism of action should preferably not be combined.

2) Combination therapy should also be tried after two monotherapy regimes fail, as chances of seizure control on third monotherapy are slim.

3) Before considering AED changes or combination for lack of effective seizure control, the diagnosis of epilepsy, seizure type and syndrome should be reviewed and compliance of the patient with AEDs should also be confirmed

4) If seizure freedom is achieved on the combination therapy, does of the first drug may be reduced gradually, if necessary, to avoid drug overload.

5) If seizure control is good on the combination, but seizure freedom is still elusive a third drug with a different mechanism of action may be tried in small doses. However adding of fourth or a fifth drug is unlikely to be successful.

6) Three drug regimen are generally avoided if possible. Indeed the vast majority of patients reaching seizure freedom do so with two AEDs, and virtually no one achieves seizure freedom with four AEDs. If patient is on four or more AEDs, a concerted attempt should be made to reduce the regimen to two or three AEDs.

7) Treatment for each patient is individualized based on seizure type, syndrome, age, gender, comorbid conditions and comedication.

8) When two monotherapy fail or a combination of two AEDs fails to achieve seizure freedom, the patient qualifies to have drug resistant epilepsy. Such patients should be evaluated for alternative therapeutic strategies such as epilepsy surgery.

Combination therapy: when Not

Women who are likely to become pregnant should be maintained on monotherapy in moderate does as far as possible. Suboptimal control of seizures other than tonic clonic seizures during this period may be an acceptable trade off, to reduce the risk of teratogenicity from poly therapy or high drug load. Risk of teratogenicity is highest soon after conception and in the first trimester, hence AED therapy has to be rationalized before conception. High dose valproate either alone or in combination therapy is best avoided throughout pregnancy.  

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Antiepileptic Devices

Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, M.D.

  1. Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
  2. Department of Neurology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Drug resistant epilepsy is an epilepsy syndrome in which seizures persist and seizure freedom is very unlikely to be attained with further manipulation of antiepileptic drug therapy. In some patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, resective epilepsy surgery may produce seizure freedom. However, some patients are not good candidates for resective surgery. For example, symptomatic (structural-metabolic) generalized epilepsies, including Lennox-Gastaut and other catastrophic childhood-onset generalized epilepsy syndromes, are notoriously resistant to medical treatment. When these patients become adults, most continue to experience drug-resistant disabling seizures as well as cognitive, psychiatric, and behavioral problems. Usually there is no resectable epileptogenic lesion and therefore, resective and potentially curative surgery is not an option for these patients. Alternative treatments, including surgical procedures such as vagal nerve stimulation (an antiepileptic device) or corpus callosotomy, can palliate the severity of seizures in these conditions. The decision regarding which procedure might be best for an individual should take into account multiple factors, including the patient’s predominant seizure types and their role in affecting his/her quality of life, severity of seizures, the risks and potential benefits from each procedure, cost, and probably the most important factor, the patient’s expectations.

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Management of Refractory Status Epilepticus

Sanaz Ahmadi Karvigh, MD. Assistant professor of neurology, Epileptologist, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,

When convulsive status epilepticus (SE) does not respond to the initial therapy benzodiazepines and second-line therapy (antiepileptic IV Load), IV anesthetics should be applied without hesitation within the first two hours. If SE dose not respond the first two IV medications, it is called refractory SE which occurs in up to 40% of cases of SE and after the first 24 hours it is called super refractory SE. Often refractory SE has a non-convulsive form, a term previously known as “subtle SE”. Although, occasional clonic jerks or nystagmus and rapid fluctuations in pupillary response can help to identify ongoing SE in the clinic, most of the time the only method to diagnose the NCSE is by electroencephalography. Simultaneous investigation of the underlying etiology is crucial while patient is kept under deep levels of anestheia. An acute symptomatic etiology is the most likely cause. Management of refractory status epilepticus involves treatment of the underlying etiology in addition to intravenous anesthetics and antiepileptic drugs. Alternative treatment options including diet therapies, electroconvulsive therapy, and surgical resection in case of a focal lesion should be considered. If no clear explanation is found, autoimmune processes could be involved that justify immunomodulatory treatment. The new definition of NORSE (new onset refractory epilepticus) includes a few previously described conditions that still have an unclear underlying etiology. Anakinra, which is an anti IL-1 drug, has shown promise in controlling super-refractory SE in NORSE patients. Short-term and long-term outcomes of patients with refractory SE tend to be poor with high morbidity and mortality with only one-third of patients reaching baseline neurological status.

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